Effect of Nut Consumption on Erectile and Sexual Function in Healthy Males: A Secondary Outcome Analysis of the FERTINUTS Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Anthropometric, Dietary, Blood Parameters, and Seminogram Measurements
2.3. Erectile Function Questionnaire
2.4. Surrogated Measures of Erectile Endothelial Function
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Nuts Group (n = 43) | Control Group (n = 40) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
General characteristics; mean (SD) | |||
Age (years) | 24.05 (4.82) | 25.83 (4.58) | 0.066 |
Weight (kg) | 73.44 (10.16) | 76.82 (12.04) | 0.270 |
Height (cm) | 176.46 (6.21) | 177.73 (6.66) | 0.409 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.53 (2.59) | 24.33 (3.64) | 0.379 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 79.98 (7.41) | 83.26 (8.98) | 0.067 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.38 (11.37) | 126.50 (11.79) | 0.425 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.34 (7.90) | 70.90 (8.49) | 0.174 |
Score for adherence to Western-style diet a | 8.11 (2.16) | 8.80 (2.26) | 0.182 |
Blood parameters; median (IQR) | |||
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 87.0 (82.0, 93.5) | 85.5 (81.5, 91.0) | 0.384 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 167.0 (149.5, 188.5) | 173.5 (150.0, 196.0) | 0.374 |
HDL-c (mg/dl) | 58.0 (49.5, 66.5) | 55.5 (50.0, 67.0) | 0.736 |
LDL-c (mg/dl) | 87.0 (74.5, 105.5) | 98.0 (77.8, 119.3) | 0.202 |
VLDL-c (mg/dl) | 13.0 (12.0, 19.0) | 13.0 (9.0, 17.3) | 0.240 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 66.0 (59.0, 95.5) | 64.0 (47.0, 85.0) | 0.258 |
Fasting plasma insulin (mcUl/ml) | 5.40 (2.60, 8.60) | 5.20 (2.75, 6.80) | 0.654 |
C-Reactive protein (mg/dl) | 0.20 (0.20, 0.20) | 0.20 (0.13, 0.20) | 0.144 |
Folate (ng/ml) | 6.30 (4.80, 8.70) | 6.30 (4.88, 7.80) | 0.616 |
Semen characteristics; median (IQR) | |||
pH | 8.0 (8.0, 8.5) | 8.0 (8.0, 8.5) | 0.940 |
Volume (mL) | 3.50 (1.95, 4.55) | 3.40 (2.50, 5.13) | 0.179 |
Total spermatozoa (×106) | 75.20 (28.10, 104.50) | 72.05 (40.90, 125.50) | 0.497 |
Spermatozoa concentration (×106) | 25.20 (14.50, 41.80) | 19.80 (9.70, 37.95) | 0.402 |
Viability (%) | 78.68 (70.26, 82.52) | 80.21 (73.66, 85.87) | 0.257 |
Total motility (progressive and non-progressive motility) (%) | 64.66 (45.91, 71.34) | 70.11 (62.73, 78.56) | 0.097 |
Progressive motility (%) | 44.67 (28.27, 53.97) | 49.72 (35.39, 61.67) | 0.086 |
Non-progressive motility (%) | 13.26 (9.79, 16.15) | 11.64 (7.58, 14.31) | 0.103 |
Immotile spermatozoa (%) | 35.33 (28.58, 52.06) | 29.89 (21.44, 37.27) | 0.094 |
Normal forms (%) | 6.33 (4.91, 8.17) | 6.27 (5.23, 7.57) | 0.935 |
Abnormal head (%) | 52.59 (43.06, 66.28) | 55.07 (41.22, 67.81) | 0.771 |
Abnormal midpiece (%) | 10.71 (8.63, 15.05) | 12.71 (8.46, 14.23) | 0.705 |
Abnormal principal piece (%) | 12.94 (5.44, 29.66) | 9.46 (4.53, 25.27) | 0.529 |
Combined abnormality (%) | 8.40 (6.49, 12.88) | 7.85 (6.71, 14.07) | 0.985 |
Variables | Nut Group (n = 43) | Control Group (n = 40) | Treatment Effect | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Changes | Baseline | Changes | p-Value | |
Energy | |||||
Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2699.13 (994.43) | −145.19 (31.74) | 2359.57 (565.72) | −215.22 (18.18) | 0.029 |
Macronutrients | |||||
Proteins (g/d) | 112.20 (39.37) | −7.68 (1.44) | 103.13 (22.51) | −10.45 (0.34) | 0.065 |
Carbohydrates (g/d) | 305.24 (134.16) | −50.48 (4.83) | 254.34 (63.04) | −11.21 (0.05) | 0.333 |
Simple carbohydrates (g/d) | 112.70 (79.80) | −13.47 (3.33) | 92.54 (28.75) | −6.31 (0.06) | 0.696 |
Complex carbohydrates (g/d) | 176.44 (68.26) | −34.36 (0.84) | 145.29 (46.70) | −12.09 (1.30) | 0.604 |
Total fat (g/d) | 106.89 (40.75) | 12.19 (0.66) | 97.98 (30.47) | −11.95 (0.92) | <0.001 |
MUFA (g/d) | 42.87 (18.36) | 5.89 (0.32) | 37.97 (15.82) | −6.14 (0.48) | <0.001 |
SFA (g/d) | 33.33 (17.87) | −3.19 (0.21) | 31.17 (10.64) | −3.67 (0.04) | 0.589 |
PUFA (g/d) | 13.51 (6.41) | 11.03 (0.27) | 11.37 (4.50) | −2.60 (0.23) | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/d) | 426.64 (253.96) | −70.48 (8.95) | 386.09 (131.85) | −56.08 (2.37) | 0.745 |
Fiber (g/d) | 24.69 (11.21) | −0.77 (0.39) | 19.84 (9.45) | −2.39 (0.41) | 0.002 |
Alcohol (g/d) | 9.43 (14.01) | −2.79 (0.73) | 7.91 (13.14) | −2.25 (0.89) | 0.693 |
Glycemic load | 172.69 (75.43) | −31.38 (2.55) | 141.20 (37.69) | −5.52 (0.32) | 0.384 |
Glycemic index | 56.16 (4.50) | −1.48 (0.18) | 55.13 (5.45) | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.346 |
Micronutrients | |||||
Sodium (mg/d) | 3452.88 (1455.36) | −407.37 (26.13) | 3178.08 (958.75) | −174.95 (23.37) | 0.743 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 3639.91 (1624.75) | −217.88 (58.80) | 3126.17 (968.16) | −140.77 (21.62) | 0.289 |
Linoleic (g/d) | 26.08 (26.64) | 4.79 (1.35) | 31.40 (31.79) | −4.66 (1.24) | 0.311 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 407.62 (199.96) | 32.17 (7.96) | 329.53 (108.61) | −16.92 (0.93) | <0.001 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 987.45 (514.83) | −98.27 (2.79) | 898.70 (324.53) | −51.64 (13.16) | 0.843 |
Iron (mg/d) | 20.27 (14.55) | −2.04 (0.60) | 18.35 (13.33) | −0.11 (0.47) | 0.864 |
Selenium (mg/d) | 222.04 (162.30) | −48.94 (13.01) | 209.25 (140.86) | −46.06 (11.51) | 0.563 |
β-carotene equivalents (µg/d) | 4711.11 (5096.91) | −1008.75 (348.71) | 3913.42 (4116.64) | 22.34 (72.89) | 0.642 |
Retinol (µg/d) | 592.05 (1409.67) | −230.55 (169.57) | 402.76 (166.28) | 141.07 (141.29) | 0.254 |
Vitamin D (µg/d) | 7.37 (13.90) | 0.55 (0.31) | 5.05 (5.65) | 4.50 (3.67) | 0.606 |
Vitamin E (µg/d) | 13.18 (5.12) | 6.10 (1.20) | 15.19 (18.38) | −3.03 (0.93) | 0.014 |
Vitamin K (µg/d) | 130.94 (163.71) | −10.50 (0.30) | 115.38 (111.22) | −32.51 (6.99) | 0.213 |
Omega-3 (g/d) | 1.72 (0.89) | 1.53 (0.02) | 1.68 (0.73) | −0.10 (0.02) | <0.001 |
ALA (g/d) | 1.10 (0.61) | 1.55 (0.02) | 1.00 (0.39) | −0.22 (0.02) | <0.001 |
EPA (g/d) | 0.51 (2.74) | 0.02 (0.00) | 1.03 (3.96) | 0.65 (0.12) | 0.236 |
DHA (g/d) | 0.15 (0.19) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.21 (0.31) | 0.10 (0.03) | 0.161 |
Omega-6 (g/d) | 18.03 (14.80) | 10.27 (0.08) | 24.64 (23.36) | −3.76 (0.94) | 0.016 |
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Salas-Huetos, A.; Muralidharan, J.; Galiè, S.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Bulló, M. Effect of Nut Consumption on Erectile and Sexual Function in Healthy Males: A Secondary Outcome Analysis of the FERTINUTS Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1372. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061372
Salas-Huetos A, Muralidharan J, Galiè S, Salas-Salvadó J, Bulló M. Effect of Nut Consumption on Erectile and Sexual Function in Healthy Males: A Secondary Outcome Analysis of the FERTINUTS Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2019; 11(6):1372. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061372
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalas-Huetos, Albert, Jananee Muralidharan, Serena Galiè, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, and Mònica Bulló. 2019. "Effect of Nut Consumption on Erectile and Sexual Function in Healthy Males: A Secondary Outcome Analysis of the FERTINUTS Randomized Controlled Trial" Nutrients 11, no. 6: 1372. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061372